Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Dynamic feedback BacGuard anchors microbial metabolism to host symbiosis in real-time ulcerative colitis therapy

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.05.060

Figure Lengend Snippet: BacGuard promotes colon tissue repairment. a) Scheme of microbiota-dependent epithelial repair mechanism orchestrated by BacGuard. b) Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profile alterations. n = 6. c) BacGuard-induced probiotic proliferation and d) quantitative results. n = 3. e) Immunofluorescence analysis of ILC3 (ROR γt + CD3 − cells) in colon tissue. f) Flow cytometric analysis of lamina propria lymphocytes (ROR γt + ). n = 3. g) Concentration of IL-22 in MNK-3 cells. n = 3. h) Representative PAS-staining (upper panel) and MUC-2 immunohistochemistry (lower panel) images of colon tissues. n = 5. ns, not significant; ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01 and ∗∗∗p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: For the detection of IL-22 and LPS concentrations, the Mouse IL-22 Precoated ELISA Kit (DAKEWE, China) and Mouse LPS ELISA Kit (JONLNBIO, China) were employed correspondingly.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Concentration Assay, Staining, Immunohistochemistry

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Targeting mutant NPM1-expressing AML with T cell receptor-like antibodies

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.117630

Figure Lengend Snippet: Engineering and functional characterization of human-mouse chimeric antibodies (A) Schematic diagram of human-mouse chimeric antibodies. (B) SPR analysis revealed a KD of 492 nM for hu2E2 binding to pNPM1-HLA-A2 (six concentrations were injected once each [ N = 1 per concentration] in a single experiment). (C) Detection of the ADCC effect in Jurkat-Lucia NFAT-CD16 cells (response values were plotted against log10(antibody concentration) and fitted by 4 PL nonlinear regression to illustrate the dose-response relationship. N = 3 independent experiments; data are mean ± SD). (D) The anti-tumor activity of the antibodies in vitro was detected via lymphocyte-tumor coculture. ∗∗∗ p < 0.001; ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001; N = 5 independent experiments; data are mean ± SD; ordinary one-way ANOVA. (E) ELISA was used to detect the cytokine content. N = 5 independent experiments; data are represented as mean ± SD.

Article Snippet: Human perforin 1 (PRF1) ELISA kit , Elabscience , Cat# E-EL-H1123.

Techniques: Functional Assay, Analysis, Binding Assay, Injection, Concentration Assay, Activity Assay, In Vitro, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Targeting mutant NPM1-expressing AML with T cell receptor-like antibodies

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.117630

Figure Lengend Snippet: Diverse formats of engineered antibodies (A) Schematic diagram of 2E2-engineered antibodies. (B) Affinity of hu2E2-CAM16vhh to NK cells, as determined via flow cytometry; affinity of hu2E2-H11vhh for T cells, as determined via flow cytometry (one independent experiment; N = 1). (C) Detection of the ADCC effect in Jurkat-Lucia NFAT-CD16 cells ( N = 3 independent experiments; data are mean ± SD). (D) The anti-tumor activity of the antibodies in vitro was detected via lymphocyte-tumor coculture. ∗ p < 0.05; ∗∗∗ p < 0.001; ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001; N = 5 independent experiments; data are mean ± SD; ordinary one-way ANOVA. (E) ELISA was used to detect the cytokine content. N = 5 independent experiments; data are represented as mean ± SD.

Article Snippet: Human perforin 1 (PRF1) ELISA kit , Elabscience , Cat# E-EL-H1123.

Techniques: Flow Cytometry, Activity Assay, In Vitro, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Targeting mutant NPM1-expressing AML with T cell receptor-like antibodies

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.117630

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of Fc region mutation of the 2E2 antibody on the killing of AML cells in vitro (A) Model diagram of the introduction of mutations in the Fc region of the 2E2 antibody. (B) Three Fc-Silence antibodies expressed and purified via the CHO expression system were identified via SDS-PAGE (one independent experiment; N = 1). (C) Detection of the ADCC effect in Jurkat-Lucia NFAT-CD16 cells ( N = 3 independent experiments; data are mean ± SD). (D) The antitumor activity of the antibody in vitro was detected via lymphocyte-tumor coculture. ( N = 5 independent experiments for the hu2E2-CAM16vhh-DANA, hu2E2-H11vhh-DANA, and hu2E2-L1H1-DANA groups, and N = 4 for the Control group. Data are shown as mean ± SD). (E) ELISA was used to measure the levels of cytokines. ∗ p < 0.05;∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001; N = 5 independent experiments; data are mean ± SD; ordinary one-way ANOVA).

Article Snippet: Human perforin 1 (PRF1) ELISA kit , Elabscience , Cat# E-EL-H1123.

Techniques: Mutagenesis, In Vitro, Purification, Expressing, SDS Page, Activity Assay, Control, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Targeting mutant NPM1-expressing AML with T cell receptor-like antibodies

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.117630

Figure Lengend Snippet:

Article Snippet: Human perforin 1 (PRF1) ELISA kit , Elabscience , Cat# E-EL-H1123.

Techniques: Cell-Signaling, Purification, Recombinant, Sequencing, Control, Plasmid Preparation, Extraction, Transfection, Bicinchoninic Acid Protein Assay, Conjugation Assay, Staining, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Software

Journal: iScience

Article Title: M2 type tumor-associated macrophage-derived CCL-18 promotes glioma cell proliferation but does not mediates glioma recurrence after radiotherapy

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.117695

Figure Lengend Snippet: CCL-18 may be the candidate-mediator of glioma recurrence (A) KEGG enrichment analysis of the 201 DEGs showing that the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway was the most significantly enriched. (B) Among cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway, CCL-18 was the top one up-regulated DEG. Data were presented as average TPM. (C) Representative IHC staining of CCL-18 in primary and recurrent glioma samples from irradiated patients versus unirradiated patients. Scale bars: 200 μm and 100 μm (enlarged graph). (D and E) Quantification of IHC results in (C). The percent of CCL-18 positive cells in primary and recurrent glioma samples accepting radiotherapy (D), and without radiotherapy (E). Data were presented as paired individual value (two-tailed paired t test, ∗ p < 0.05). (F) The correlation between tumor volume doubling time and the level of CCL-18. Data were presented as Pearson correlation coefficient. (G) Kaplan-Meier curves showing the progression free survival probability of glioma patients accepting radiotherapy based on different expression levels of CCL-18. Data were presented as median ± 95% confidence intervals (∗∗ p < 0.01). Data were obtained from 15 paired primary glioma and recurrent glioma with radiotherapy, and 8 paired primary glioma and recurrent glioma without radiotherapy (C–G).

Article Snippet: CCL-18 ELISA kit , Boster Biological Technology , EK0686.

Techniques: Analysis, Immunohistochemistry, Irradiation, Two Tailed Test, Expressing

Journal: iScience

Article Title: M2 type tumor-associated macrophage-derived CCL-18 promotes glioma cell proliferation but does not mediates glioma recurrence after radiotherapy

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.117695

Figure Lengend Snippet: Multivariate Cox regression analysis from TCGA

Article Snippet: CCL-18 ELISA kit , Boster Biological Technology , EK0686.

Techniques: Analysis, Expressing

Journal: iScience

Article Title: M2 type tumor-associated macrophage-derived CCL-18 promotes glioma cell proliferation but does not mediates glioma recurrence after radiotherapy

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.117695

Figure Lengend Snippet: Radiation promotes macrophage to polarize into M2-TAMs, accompanying CCL-18 secretion (A) The mRNA level of CD163 and IL-10 after treatment with PMA or PMA+IL-4/13 on THP-1 cells. Data were presented as mean ± SEM (unpaired t test, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001). (B) Representative immunoblot of CD163 and CD68 after PMA or PMA+IL-4/13 treatment in THP-1 cells. (C) Representative immunoblot of CD163 and CD68 after PMA treatment with or without different radiation doses. (D) The mRNA level of CD163 and IL-10 following the indicated treatment at different durations. Data were presented as mean ± SEM (one-way ANOVA, in CD163: F = 1.22, p = 0.32, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001; in IL-10: F = 1.82, p = 0.14, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001). (E) Representative immunoblot of CD163 and CD68 following the indicated treatment. (F) Representative immunofluorescence images of CD163 and CD68 staining following the indicated treatment. Scale bars: 200 μm. (G and H) Quantitative results of relative mean density of CD163 (G) and CD68 (H). Data were presented as mean ± SEM (one-way ANOVA, in CD163: F = 1.36, p = 0.3, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001; in CD68: F = 1.54, p = 0.26, ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01). (I) Representative immunoblot of indicated antibodies on THP-1 cells after PMA treatment with or without radiation. (J and K) The mRNA level (J) and the protein abundance (K) of CCL-18 following the indicated treatment. Data were presented as mean ± SEM (one-way ANOVA, in mRNA: F = 1.35, p = 0.27, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001; in protein: F = 3, p = 0.04, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001). Data were obtained from 4 independent experiments (A, F–H, and K), 3 independent experiments (B, C, E, and I) and 6 independent experiments (D and J).

Article Snippet: CCL-18 ELISA kit , Boster Biological Technology , EK0686.

Techniques: Western Blot, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Quantitative Proteomics

Journal: iScience

Article Title: M2 type tumor-associated macrophage-derived CCL-18 promotes glioma cell proliferation but does not mediates glioma recurrence after radiotherapy

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.117695

Figure Lengend Snippet: CCL-18 does not mediate glioma cell proliferation following radiotherapy in vitro (A) Viability of GBM cells after treatment with different concentrations of CCL-18. Data were presented as mean ± SEM (one-way ANOVA, F = 1.9, p = 0.21, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001). (B) Representative images of colony formation assay after CCL-18 (100 ng/mL) treatment. (C) Quantitative results from (B). Data were presented as mean ± SD (unpaired t test, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001). (D) Schematic workflow for the co-culture experiment. (E) Representative images of colony formation assay. (F) Quantitative results from (E). Data were presented as mean ± SD (unpaired t test, ∗ p < 0.05). (G) The mRNA level of PITPNM3, GPR30, and CCR8 on irradiated GBM cells. Data were presented as mean ± SEM (unpaired t test, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001). (H) Representative immunoblot of PITPNM3, GPR30, and CCR8 on irradiated GBM cells. (I) Quantitative results from (H). Data were presented as mean ± SEM (unpaired t test, ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01). (J) Immunoblot of CCR8 after overexpression. (K) Representative images of colony formation assay on irradiated GBM cells after CCL-18 (100 ng/mL) treatment. (L) Quantitative results from (K). Data were presented as mean ± SD (two-way ANOVA, F = 4.9, p = 0.06, ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01). Data were obtained from 3 independent experiments (A–L).

Article Snippet: CCL-18 ELISA kit , Boster Biological Technology , EK0686.

Techniques: In Vitro, Colony Assay, Co-culture Assay, Irradiation, Western Blot, Over Expression

Journal: iScience

Article Title: M2 type tumor-associated macrophage-derived CCL-18 promotes glioma cell proliferation but does not mediates glioma recurrence after radiotherapy

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.117695

Figure Lengend Snippet: CCL-18 do not mediate glioma recurrence following radiotherapy in vivo (A) Viability of GL261 cells after treatment with different concentrations of CCL-18. Data were presented as mean ± SEM (one-way ANOVA, F = 0.9, p = 0.48, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001). (B) Viability of GL261 cells after treatment with CCL-18 (100 ng/mL) and R243 (50, 100 μM). Data were presented as mean ± SEM (one-way ANOVA, F = 1.43, p = 0.28, ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001). (C) Representative immunoblot of ACP5, Akt, and phosphorylated Akt on GL261 cells after CCL-18 (100 ng/mL) treatment. (D) Schematic workflow for the cell-derived allograft experiment. (E) The bioluminescence value in mice receiving radiation on the indicated days. Data were presented as mean ± SEM (one-way ANOVA, in radiation: F = 2.48, p = 0.1, ∗ p < 0.05; in radiation with CCL-18 treatment: F = 1.41, p = 0.3, ∗ p < 0.05). (F) Representative pseudo-color bioluminescence images of intracranial allografts receiving radiation with or without CCL-18 administration. (G) Quantitative results from (F) on the indicated days. Data were presented as mean ± SEM (two-way ANOVA, F = 2.39, p = 0.04, ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01). (H) Kaplan-Meier curve showing the percent survival of mice receiving different treatment. Data were presented as median (∗∗∗ p < 0.001). (I) The percent of M1-TAM in glioma after radiation with or without CCL-18 treatment. (J) Quantitative results from (I). Data were presented as mean ± SD (one-way ANOVA, F = 1.46, p = 0.26). (K)The percent of M2-TAM in glioma after radiation with or without CCL-18 treatment. (L) Quantitative results from (K). Data were presented as mean ± SD (one-way ANOVA, F = 0.1, p = 0.9). Data were obtained from 3 independent experiments (A, C, and I–L), and 4 independent experiments (B). Data were obtained from ≥6 mice (E), ≥11 mice (G and H), and 3 mice (I–L).

Article Snippet: CCL-18 ELISA kit , Boster Biological Technology , EK0686.

Techniques: In Vivo, Western Blot, Derivative Assay

Journal: iScience

Article Title: M2 type tumor-associated macrophage-derived CCL-18 promotes glioma cell proliferation but does not mediates glioma recurrence after radiotherapy

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.117695

Figure Lengend Snippet:

Article Snippet: CCL-18 ELISA kit , Boster Biological Technology , EK0686.

Techniques: Cell-Signaling, Virus, Tissue, Microarray, Recombinant, cDNA Synthesis, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Software, Biomarker Discovery, In Vivo Imaging

Journal: iScience

Article Title: IL-4 and arginine synergy accelerates early bone regeneration via enhanced efferocytosis and ameliorated microenvironment

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.117739

Figure Lengend Snippet: Simultaneous application of IL-4 and Arg promotes efferocytosis and improves the pro-regenerative microenvironment (A) Schematic illustration of the in vitro efferocytosis assessment. (B and C) Macrophage efferocytosis assessment via flow cytometry, showing representative scatterplots of macrophages engulfing apoptotic cells (B) and quantification of the efferocytosis rate after 24 h (C). (D) Morphological evaluation of macrophage efferocytosis, showing representative cell tracking images of macrophages (labeled with CMFDA) engulfing apoptotic cells (labeled with CM-Dil) after 24 h of co-culture. (E) Quantification of the efferocytosis rate after 6, 24, and 48 h determined by flow cytometry under Control and IL-4 + Arg conditions. (F) Experimental design for detecting microenvironmental changes following efferocytosis. (G) ROS quantification following efferocytosis. (H) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) quantification of TGF-β1 and IL-10 in the culture supernatants. Error bars represent SD. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test (C, G, and H) or two-way ANOVA followed by Sidak’s multiple comparisons test (E). Sample sizes: n = 3 biological replicates (B–E); n = 5 biological replicates, each performed with 3 technical replicates (G) and n = 3 biological replicates, each performed with 3 technical replicates (H). Scale bars, 100 μm (D) and 20 μm (inset).

Article Snippet: Mouse TGF-β1 ELISA Kit , ABclonal , Cat# RK00057.

Techniques: In Vitro, Flow Cytometry, Cell Tracking Assay, Labeling, Co-culture Assay, Control, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: iScience

Article Title: IL-4 and arginine synergy accelerates early bone regeneration via enhanced efferocytosis and ameliorated microenvironment

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.117739

Figure Lengend Snippet: Transcriptomic changes underlying synergistic regulation of macrophages by IL-4 and Arg (A) RT-qPCR analysis of M2-related marker gene expression ( Tgfb1 , Il10 , Arg1 , and Cd206 ) in macrophages. (B) Schematic illustration of the bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) isolation, total RNA extraction, and transcriptomic sequencing workflow. (C) Functional annotation of upregulated genes using Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. (D) Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis emphasizing significant signaling pathways. (E) RT-qPCR analysis of Tgfb1 and Il10 mRNA expression levels of macrophage after treatment with the IL-4 + Arg combination in the presence or absence of nor-NOHA. (F) ELISA quantification of secreted TGF-β1 and IL-10 protein concentrations in the culture supernatants under nor-NOHA inhibition. Error bars represent SD. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test (A, E, and F). Sample sizes: n = 3 biological replicates (C and D); n = 3 (A and F) and 4 (E) biological replicates, each performed with 3 technical replicates.

Article Snippet: Mouse TGF-β1 ELISA Kit , ABclonal , Cat# RK00057.

Techniques: Quantitative RT-PCR, Analysis, Marker, Gene Expression, Derivative Assay, Isolation, RNA Extraction, Sequencing, Functional Assay, Protein-Protein interactions, Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Inhibition

Journal: iScience

Article Title: IL-4 and arginine synergy accelerates early bone regeneration via enhanced efferocytosis and ameliorated microenvironment

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.117739

Figure Lengend Snippet:

Article Snippet: Mouse TGF-β1 ELISA Kit , ABclonal , Cat# RK00057.

Techniques: Cell-Signaling, Recombinant, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, TUNEL Assay, Software

Journal: iScience

Article Title: IL-4 and arginine synergy accelerates early bone regeneration via enhanced efferocytosis and ameliorated microenvironment

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.117739

Figure Lengend Snippet: IL-4 and Arg remodel macrophages and promote their migration (A) Schematic illustration of the regulatory role of IL-4 on macrophage phenotype. (B) Volcano plot displaying differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the control and IL-4-treated macrophages. (C) Heatmap demonstrating the expression of key macrophage polarization markers. (D) Multi-pathway Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) demonstrating the integrated enrichment of indicated pathways regulating macrophage functions. (E) Schematic illustration of macrophage priming for efferocytosis mediated by IL-4 and Arg. (F) Relative cell viability of macrophages treated with different concentrations of Arg at 24, 48, and 72 h. (G and H) Macrophage proliferation evaluated by 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay, showing representative fluorescence images of EdU and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining at 24, 48, and 72 h (G) and quantification of EdU-positive cells treated with 2 mM Arg (H). (I) Schematic illustration of the Transwell migration assay. (J and K) Macrophage recruitment evaluated by Transwell assay, showing representative crystal violet staining images of migrated macrophages after 48 h (J) and quantification of the number of migrated macrophages (K). Error bars represent SD. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Sidak’s multiple comparisons test (F and H) or one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test (K). Sample sizes: n = 3 biological replicates (B–D and F); n = 5 biological replicates, each performed with 3 technical replicates (G, H, J, and K). Scale bars, 25 μm (G), 500 μm (J, top), and 100 μm (J, bottom).

Article Snippet: The cumulative release of Arg was quantified using an Arg Content Assay Kit (Solarbio, Beijing, China), and the release of IL-4 was determined using a Mouse IL-4 ELISA Kit (Elabscience, Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Migration, Control, Expressing, Analysis, EdU Assay, Fluorescence, Staining, Transwell Migration Assay, Transwell Assay

Journal: iScience

Article Title: IL-4 and arginine synergy accelerates early bone regeneration via enhanced efferocytosis and ameliorated microenvironment

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.117739

Figure Lengend Snippet: Simultaneous application of IL-4 and Arg promotes efferocytosis and improves the pro-regenerative microenvironment (A) Schematic illustration of the in vitro efferocytosis assessment. (B and C) Macrophage efferocytosis assessment via flow cytometry, showing representative scatterplots of macrophages engulfing apoptotic cells (B) and quantification of the efferocytosis rate after 24 h (C). (D) Morphological evaluation of macrophage efferocytosis, showing representative cell tracking images of macrophages (labeled with CMFDA) engulfing apoptotic cells (labeled with CM-Dil) after 24 h of co-culture. (E) Quantification of the efferocytosis rate after 6, 24, and 48 h determined by flow cytometry under Control and IL-4 + Arg conditions. (F) Experimental design for detecting microenvironmental changes following efferocytosis. (G) ROS quantification following efferocytosis. (H) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) quantification of TGF-β1 and IL-10 in the culture supernatants. Error bars represent SD. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test (C, G, and H) or two-way ANOVA followed by Sidak’s multiple comparisons test (E). Sample sizes: n = 3 biological replicates (B–E); n = 5 biological replicates, each performed with 3 technical replicates (G) and n = 3 biological replicates, each performed with 3 technical replicates (H). Scale bars, 100 μm (D) and 20 μm (inset).

Article Snippet: The cumulative release of Arg was quantified using an Arg Content Assay Kit (Solarbio, Beijing, China), and the release of IL-4 was determined using a Mouse IL-4 ELISA Kit (Elabscience, Wuhan, China).

Techniques: In Vitro, Flow Cytometry, Cell Tracking Assay, Labeling, Co-culture Assay, Control, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: iScience

Article Title: IL-4 and arginine synergy accelerates early bone regeneration via enhanced efferocytosis and ameliorated microenvironment

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.117739

Figure Lengend Snippet: Transcriptomic changes underlying synergistic regulation of macrophages by IL-4 and Arg (A) RT-qPCR analysis of M2-related marker gene expression ( Tgfb1 , Il10 , Arg1 , and Cd206 ) in macrophages. (B) Schematic illustration of the bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) isolation, total RNA extraction, and transcriptomic sequencing workflow. (C) Functional annotation of upregulated genes using Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. (D) Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis emphasizing significant signaling pathways. (E) RT-qPCR analysis of Tgfb1 and Il10 mRNA expression levels of macrophage after treatment with the IL-4 + Arg combination in the presence or absence of nor-NOHA. (F) ELISA quantification of secreted TGF-β1 and IL-10 protein concentrations in the culture supernatants under nor-NOHA inhibition. Error bars represent SD. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test (A, E, and F). Sample sizes: n = 3 biological replicates (C and D); n = 3 (A and F) and 4 (E) biological replicates, each performed with 3 technical replicates.

Article Snippet: The cumulative release of Arg was quantified using an Arg Content Assay Kit (Solarbio, Beijing, China), and the release of IL-4 was determined using a Mouse IL-4 ELISA Kit (Elabscience, Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Quantitative RT-PCR, Analysis, Marker, Gene Expression, Derivative Assay, Isolation, RNA Extraction, Sequencing, Functional Assay, Protein-Protein interactions, Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Inhibition

Journal: iScience

Article Title: IL-4 and arginine synergy accelerates early bone regeneration via enhanced efferocytosis and ameliorated microenvironment

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.117739

Figure Lengend Snippet: Simultaneous application of IL-4 and Arg promotes bone regeneration in vivo (A) Schematic illustration of the surgical procedure and timeline. (B and C) Evaluation of early macrophage polarization in vivo , showing representative immunofluorescence images of macrophages (F4/80, red) and M2 marker (Arg1, green) at days 1 and 3 post-surgery (B) and quantification of the percentage of M2 macrophages (Arg1 + /F4/80 + ) (C). (D–F) Bone regeneration assessment via micro-CT, showing representative 3D reconstruction images of the bone defect area at day 7 and day 14 post-surgery (D) and quantification of BV (E) and BV/TV (F). (G and H) Histological evaluation of bone repair, showing representative images of H&E and Masson’s trichrome staining at day 7 and day 14 (G) and quantification of new bone area (%) (H). Error bars represent SD. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Sidak’s multiple comparisons test (C, E, F, and H). Sample sizes: n = 4 animals per group. Scale bars, 50 μm (B) and 10 μm (inset), 0.5 mm (D) and 200 μm (inset), 250 μm (G).

Article Snippet: The cumulative release of Arg was quantified using an Arg Content Assay Kit (Solarbio, Beijing, China), and the release of IL-4 was determined using a Mouse IL-4 ELISA Kit (Elabscience, Wuhan, China).

Techniques: In Vivo, Immunofluorescence, Marker, Micro-CT, Staining

Journal: iScience

Article Title: IL-4 and arginine synergy accelerates early bone regeneration via enhanced efferocytosis and ameliorated microenvironment

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.117739

Figure Lengend Snippet:

Article Snippet: The cumulative release of Arg was quantified using an Arg Content Assay Kit (Solarbio, Beijing, China), and the release of IL-4 was determined using a Mouse IL-4 ELISA Kit (Elabscience, Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Cell-Signaling, Recombinant, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, TUNEL Assay, Software